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Der Fall Edith Stein. Flucht in die Chimare. Frankfurt am Main: Karmel-Verlag, 1969. Allen, Diogenes. 'Natural Evil and the Love of God.' Religious Studies 16. The Passion of Ayn Rand. Garden City: Doubleday, 1986. Branden, Barbara and Nathaniel Branden. Who Is Ayn Rand? New York: Random.

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Donor challenge: A generous supporter will match your donation 3-to-1 right now. Your $5 becomes $20! Dear Internet Archive Supporter: Time is Running Out! I ask only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. We’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on.

Our work is powered by donations averaging about $41. If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. For the cost of a used paperback, we can share a book online forever. When I started this, people called me crazy. Collect web pages? Who’d want to read a book on a screen?

For 21 years, we’ve backed up the Web, so if government data or entire newspapers disappear, we can say: We Got This. We’re dedicated to reader privacy. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. If you find our site useful, please chip in. —Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive. When The Fountainhead was first published, Ayn Rand's daringly original literary vision and her groundbreaking philosophy, Objectivism, won immediate worldwide interest and acclaim.

This instant classic is the story of an intransigent young architect, his violent battle against conventional standards, and his explosive love affair with a beautiful woman who struggles to defeat him. This edition contains a special afterword by Rand's literary executor, Leonard Peikoff, which includes excerpts from Ayn Rand's own notes on the making of The Fountainhead.

As fresh today as it was then, here is a novel about a hero-and about those who try to destroy him.

Cover of Rand's first published work, a 2,500-word monograph on femme fatale published in 1925. In the autumn of 1925, Rand was granted a to visit relatives in.

She departed on January 17, 1926. When she arrived in New York City on February 19, 1926, she was so impressed with the skyline of that she cried what she later called 'tears of splendor'. Intent on staying in the United States to become a screenwriter, she lived for a few months with her relatives, one of whom owned a movie theater and allowed her to watch dozens of films for free.

She then left for. In Hollywood, a chance meeting with famed director led to work as an in his film and a subsequent job as a junior screenwriter.

While working on The King of Kings, she met an aspiring young actor, Frank O'Connor; the two were married on April 15, 1929. She became a in July 1929 and on March 3, 1931.

Taking various jobs during the 1930s to support her writing, she worked for a time as the head of the costume department at Studios. She made several attempts to bring her parents and sisters to the United States, but they were unable to acquire permission to emigrate. Early fiction [ ].

See also:,, and Rand's first literary success came with the sale of her screenplay to in 1932, although it was never produced. This was followed by the courtroom drama, first produced by in Hollywood in 1934 and then successfully reopened on in 1935. Each night the 'jury' was selected from members of the audience, and one of the two different endings, depending on the jury's 'verdict', would then be performed. In 1941, produced a.

Rand did not participate in the production and was highly critical of the result. Is a novel and play written in 1934 which were first published in 2015 by her estate. The heroine is an actress who embodies Randian ideals. Rand's first published novel, the semi-autobiographical, was published in 1936. Set in, it focused on the struggle between the individual and the state.

In a 1959 foreword to the novel, Rand stated that We the Living 'is as near to an autobiography as I will ever write. It is not an autobiography in the literal, but only in the intellectual sense. The plot is invented, the background is not.' Initial sales were slow and the American publisher let it go out of print, although European editions continued to sell. After the success of her later novels, Rand was able to release a revised version in 1959 that has since sold over three million copies. In 1942, without Rand's knowledge or permission, the novel was made into a pair of Italian films, Noi vivi and Addio, Kira. Rediscovered in the 1960s, these films were re-edited into a new version which was approved by Rand and re-released as in 1986.

Her novella was written during a break from the writing of her next major novel, The Fountainhead. It presents a vision of a future world in which collectivism has triumphed to such an extent that even the word 'I' has been forgotten and replaced with 'we'. It was published in England in 1938, but Rand initially could not find an American publisher.

As with We the Living, Rand's later success allowed her to get a revised version published in 1946, which has sold more than 3.5 million copies. The Fountainhead and political activism [ ]. See also: and During the 1940s, Rand became politically active. She and her husband worked as full-time volunteers for the 1940 presidential campaign of Republican.

This work led to Rand's first public speaking experiences; she enjoyed fielding sometimes hostile questions from New York City audiences who had viewed pro-Willkie. This activity brought her into contact with other intellectuals sympathetic to free-market capitalism. She became friends with journalist and his wife, and Hazlitt introduced her to the economist. Despite her philosophical differences with them, Rand strongly endorsed the writings of both men throughout her career, and both of them expressed admiration for her. Mises once referred to Rand as 'the most courageous man in America', a compliment that particularly pleased her because he said 'man' instead of 'woman'. Rand also became friends with libertarian writer. Rand questioned Paterson about American history and politics long into the night during their many meetings and gave Paterson ideas for her only nonfiction book,.

Rand's first major success as a writer came in 1943 with, a romantic and philosophical novel that she wrote over a period of seven years. The novel centers on an uncompromising young architect named and his struggle against what Rand described as 'second-handers'—those who attempt to live through others, placing others above themselves. It was rejected by twelve publishers before finally being accepted by the on the insistence of editor Archibald Ogden, who threatened to quit if his employer did not publish it. While completing the novel, Rand was prescribed the to fight fatigue. The drug helped her to work long hours to meet her deadline for delivering the novel, but afterwards she was so exhausted that her doctor ordered two weeks' rest. Her use of the drug for approximately three decades may have contributed to what some of her later associates described as volatile mood swings.

The Fountainhead became a worldwide success, bringing Rand fame and financial security. In 1943, Rand sold the rights for a to, and she returned to Hollywood to write the screenplay. Finishing her work on that screenplay, she was hired by producer as a screenwriter and script-doctor.

Her work for Wallis included the screenplays for the -nominated and. Rand also worked on other projects, including a planned nonfiction treatment of her philosophy to be called The Moral Basis of Individualism. Although the planned book was never completed, a condensed version was published as an essay titled 'The Only Path to Tomorrow', in the January 1944 edition of magazine. Has original text related to this article.

Rand extended her involvement with free-market and activism while working in Hollywood. She became involved with the, a Hollywood anti-Communist group, and wrote articles on the group's behalf. She also joined the anti-Communist.

A visit by Isabel Paterson to meet with Rand's California associates led to a final falling out between the two when Paterson made comments, which Rand considered rude, to valued political allies. In 1947, during the, Rand testified as a 'friendly witness' before the United States. Her testimony described the disparity between her personal experiences in the and the portrayal of it in the 1944 film. Rand argued that the film grossly misrepresented conditions in the Soviet Union, portraying life there as much better and happier than it actually was. She wanted to also criticize the lauded 1946 film for what she interpreted as its negative presentation of the business world, but she was not allowed to testify about it. When asked after the hearings about her feelings on the effectiveness of the investigations, Rand described the process as 'futile'.

After several delays, the film version of The Fountainhead was released in 1949. Although it used Rand's screenplay with minimal alterations, she 'disliked the movie from beginning to end', and complained about its editing, acting, and other elements. Atlas Shrugged and Objectivism [ ]. See also:,, and In the years following the publication of The Fountainhead, Rand received numerous letters from readers, some of whom the book profoundly influenced.

In 1951 Rand moved from Los Angeles to New York City, where she gathered a group of these admirers around her. This group (jokingly designated 'The Collective') included future, a young psychology student named Nathan Blumenthal (later ) and his wife, and Barbara's cousin. At first the group was an informal gathering of friends who met with Rand on weekends at her apartment to discuss philosophy. Later she began allowing them to read the drafts of her new novel, Atlas Shrugged, as the manuscript pages were written. In 1954 Rand's close relationship with the younger Nathaniel Branden turned into a romantic affair, with the consent of their spouses. Atlas Shrugged, published in 1957, was considered Rand's.

Rand described the theme of the novel as 'the role of the mind in man's existence—and, as a corollary, the demonstration of a new moral philosophy: the morality of rational self-interest'. It advocates the core tenets of Rand's philosophy of and expresses her concept of human achievement. The plot involves a United States in which the most creative industrialists, scientists, and artists respond to a government by going on and retreating to a mountainous hideaway where they build an independent free economy.

The novel's hero and leader of the strike,, describes the strike as 'stopping the motor of the world' by withdrawing the minds of the individuals most contributing to the nation's wealth and achievement. With this fictional strike, Rand intended to illustrate that without the efforts of the rational and productive, the economy would collapse and society would fall apart. The novel includes elements of,, and, and it contains an extended exposition of Objectivism in the form of a lengthy monologue delivered by Galt.

Despite many negative reviews, Atlas Shrugged became an international bestseller. In an interview with, Rand declared herself 'the most creative thinker alive'. However, Rand was discouraged and depressed by the reaction of intellectuals to the novel.

Atlas Shrugged was Rand's last completed work of fiction; a turning point in her life, it marked the end of Rand's career as a novelist and the beginning of her role as a popular philosopher. In 1958, Nathaniel Branden established Nathaniel Branden Lectures, later incorporated as the (NBI), to promote Rand's philosophy. Collective members gave lectures for NBI and wrote articles for that she edited. Rand later published some of these articles in book form. Critics, including some former NBI students and Branden himself, have described the culture of NBI as one of intellectual conformity and excessive reverence for Rand, with some describing NBI or the itself as a or religion.

Rand expressed opinions on a wide range of topics, from literature and music to sexuality and facial hair, and some of her followers mimicked her preferences, wearing clothes to match characters from her novels and buying furniture like hers. However, some former NBI students believe the extent of these behaviors has been exaggerated, with the problem being concentrated among Rand's closest followers in New York. Rand was unimpressed with many of the NBI students and held them to strict standards, sometimes reacting coldly or angrily to those who disagreed with her. Later years [ ] Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Rand developed and promoted her Objectivist philosophy through her nonfiction works and by giving talks to students at institutions such as,,,, and. She received an honorary doctorate from in 1963.

She also began delivering annual lectures at the, responding afterward to questions from the audience. During these speeches and Q&A sessions, she often took controversial stances on political and social issues of the day. These included supporting abortion rights, opposing the and the (but condemning many as 'bums'), supporting in the of 1973 against a coalition of Arab nations as 'civilized men fighting savages', saying had the right to develop land taken from, and calling 'immoral' and 'disgusting', while also advocating the repeal of all laws about it. She also endorsed several candidates for President of the United States, most strongly in, whose candidacy she promoted in several articles for The Objectivist Newsletter. Grave marker for Rand and her husband at in In 1964, Nathaniel Branden began an affair with the young actress Patrecia Scott, whom he later married. Nathaniel and Barbara Branden kept the affair hidden from Rand.

When she learned of it in 1968, though her romantic relationship with Branden had already ended, Rand terminated her relationship with both Brandens, which led to the closure of NBI. Rand published an article in The Objectivist repudiating Nathaniel Branden for dishonesty and other 'irrational behavior in his private life'. Branden later apologized in an interview to 'every student of Objectivism' for 'perpetuating the Ayn Rand mystique' and for 'contributing to that dreadful atmosphere of intellectual repressiveness that pervades the Objectivist movement'. In subsequent years, Rand and several more of her closest associates parted company. Rand underwent surgery for in 1974 after decades of heavy smoking.

In 1976, she retired from writing her newsletter and, despite her initial objections, she allowed Evva Pryor, an employee of her attorney, to enroll her in and. During the late 1970s her activities within the Objectivist movement declined, especially after the death of her husband on November 9, 1979. One of her final projects was work on a never-completed television adaptation of Atlas Shrugged.

Rand died of on March 6, 1982, at her home in New York City, and was interred in the,. Rand's funeral was attended by some of her prominent followers, including. A 6-foot (1.8 m) floral arrangement in the shape of a dollar sign was placed near her casket. In her will, Rand named Leonard Peikoff to inherit her estate. Philosophy [ ]. See also: Reviews [ ] During Rand's lifetime, her work evoked both extreme praise and condemnation. Rand's first novel, We the Living, was admired by the literary critic, her Broadway play Night of January 16th was both a critical and popular success, and The Fountainhead was hailed by a reviewer in as 'masterful'.

Rand's novels were derided by some critics when they were first published as being long and melodramatic. However, they became largely through word of mouth. The first reviews Rand received were for Night of January 16th. Reviews of the production were largely positive, but Rand considered even positive reviews to be embarrassing because of significant changes made to her script by the producer. Rand believed that her first novel, We the Living, was not widely reviewed, but Rand scholar Michael S. Berliner says 'it was the most reviewed of any of her works', with approximately 125 different reviews being published in more than 200 publications. Overall these reviews were more positive than the reviews she received for her later work.

Her 1938 novella Anthem received little attention from reviewers, both for its first publication in England and for subsequent re-issues. Rand's first bestseller, The Fountainhead, received far fewer reviews than We the Living, and reviewers' opinions were mixed. There was a positive review in The New York Times that Rand greatly appreciated.

The reviewer called Rand 'a writer of great power' who wrote 'brilliantly, beautifully and bitterly', and stated that 'you will not be able to read this masterful book without thinking through some of the basic concepts of our time'. There were other positive reviews, but Rand dismissed most of them as either not understanding her message or as being from unimportant publications. Some negative reviews focused on the length of the novel, such as one that called it 'a whale of a book' and another that said 'anyone who is taken in by it deserves a stern lecture on paper-rationing'.

Other negative reviews called the characters unsympathetic and Rand's style 'offensively pedestrian'. Rand's 1957 novel Atlas Shrugged was widely reviewed, and many of the reviews were strongly negative. In the, conservative author called the book 'sophomoric' and 'remarkably silly'. He described the tone of the book as 'shrillness without reprieve' and accused Rand of supporting a godless system (which he related to that of the ), claiming 'From almost any page of Atlas Shrugged, a voice can be heard, from painful necessity, commanding: 'To a gas chamber—go! ' Atlas Shrugged received positive reviews from a few publications, including praise from the noted book reviewer, but Rand scholar later wrote that 'reviewers seemed to vie with each other in a contest to devise the cleverest put-downs', calling it 'execrable claptrap' and 'a nightmare'; they said it was 'written out of hate' and showed 'remorseless hectoring and prolixity'.

Rand's nonfiction received far fewer reviews than her novels had. The tenor of the criticism for her first nonfiction book,, was similar to that for Atlas Shrugged, with philosopher likening her certainty to 'the way philosophy is written in the Soviet Union', and author calling her viewpoint 'nearly perfect in its immorality'. Her subsequent books got progressively less attention from reviewers. On the 100th anniversary of Rand's birth in 2005,, writing for, referred to her fictional writing as quaint 'retro fantasy' and programmatic of the misunderstood artist, while criticizing her characters' 'isolated rejection of democratic society'. In 2007, book critic Leslie Clark described her fiction as 'romance novels with a patina of '. In 2009, 's critic columnist Tom Carson described her books as 'capitalism's version of middlebrow religious novels' such as and the series.

Popular interest [ ]. A quote from Rand's book The Fountainhead, on the wall directly across from the entrance to rotunda. In 1991, a survey conducted for the and the asked club members what the most influential book in the respondent's life was.

Rand's Atlas Shrugged was the second most popular choice, after the. Rand's books continue to be widely sold and read, with over 29 million copies sold as of 2013 (with about 10% of that total purchased for free distribution to schools by the ). In 1998, readers voted Atlas Shrugged the 20th century's finest work of fiction, followed by The Fountainhead in second place, Anthem in seventh, and We the Living eighth; none of the four appeared on the critics' list. Dbx To Pst Converter Crack Version Antivirus. Although Rand's influence has been greatest in the United States, there has been international interest in her work. Rand's work continues to be among the top sellers among books in India. Rand's contemporary admirers included fellow novelists, such as, and, and later writers such as and have been influenced by her.

Other artists who have cited Rand as an important influence on their lives and thought include artist and musician of. Rand provided a positive view of business, and in response business executives and entrepreneurs have admired and promoted her work. Of and of have funded the promotion of Rand's ideas, while, owner of the, and, CEO of, among others, have said they consider Rand crucial to their success. Rand and her works have been referred to in a variety of media: on television shows including animated sitcoms, live-action comedies, dramas, and game shows, as well as in movies and video games.

She, or a character based on her, figures prominently (in positive and negative lights) in literary and science fiction novels by prominent American authors., editor in chief of, has remarked that 'Rand's is a tortured immortality, one in which she's as likely to be a punch line as a protagonist.' And that 'jibes at Rand as cold and inhuman, run through the popular culture'. Two movies have been made about Rand's life. A 1997 documentary film,, was nominated for the., a 1999 television adaptation of the, won several awards. Rand's image also appears on a illustrated by artist. Political influence [ ]. See also: Although she rejected the labels ' and ', Rand has had continuing influence on and libertarianism., a senior fellow at the, considers Rand one of the three most important women (along with and ) of modern, and, one of the founders of the, stated that 'without Ayn Rand, the libertarian movement would not exist'.

In his history of the, journalist described her as 'the most influential libertarian of the twentieth century to the public at large', and biographer Jennifer Burns referred to her as 'the ultimate gateway drug to life on the right'. Economist and Ayn Rand student wrote: 'Ayn Rand.in particular, must be cited as providing a philosophical foundation for the case of capitalism, and as being responsible probably more than anyone else for the current spread of pro-capitalist ideas.”. A protester at an April 2009 carries a sign referring to, the hero of Rand's novel She faced intense opposition from and other contributors for the magazine. They published numerous criticisms in the 1950s and 1960s by,, and. Nevertheless, her influence among conservatives forced Buckley and other National Review contributors to reconsider how traditional notions of virtue and Christianity could be integrated with support for capitalism.

The political figures who cite Rand as an influence are usually conservatives (often members of the United States Republican Party), despite Rand taking some positions that are atypical for conservatives, such as being and an atheist. A 1987 article in referred to her as the 's 'novelist laureate'. Republican and conservative have acknowledged her influence on their lives and recommended her novels. The spurred renewed interest in her works, especially Atlas Shrugged, which some saw as foreshadowing the crisis, and opinion articles compared real-world events with the plot of the novel. During this time, signs mentioning Rand and her fictional hero appeared. There was also increased criticism of her ideas, especially from the, with critics blaming the economic crisis on her support of and, particularly through her influence on. For example, remarked that 'Rand's particular genius has always been her ability to turn upside down traditional hierarchies and recast the wealthy, the talented, and the powerful as the oppressed', while equating Randian individual well-being with that of the Volk according to Goebbels.

Corey Robin of alleged similarities between the 'moral syntax of Randianism' and fascism. Academic reaction [ ] During Rand's lifetime her work received little attention from academic scholars. When the first academic book about Rand's philosophy appeared in 1971, its author declared writing about Rand 'a treacherous undertaking' that could lead to 'guilt by association' for taking her seriously. A few articles about Rand's ideas appeared in academic journals before her death in 1982, many of them in. One of these was 'On the Randian Argument' by libertarian philosopher, who argued that her argument is unsound and fails to solve the posed. Some responses to Nozick by other academic philosophers were also published in The Personalist arguing that Nozick misstated Rand's case. Academic consideration of Rand as a literary figure during her life was even more limited.

Academic Mimi Gladstein was unable to find any scholarly articles about Rand's novels when she began researching her in 1973, and only three such articles appeared during the rest of the 1970s. Since Rand's death, interest in her work has gradually increased. Historian Jennifer Burns has identified 'three overlapping waves' of scholarly interest in Rand, the most recent of which is 'an explosion of scholarship' since the year 2000. However, few universities currently include Rand or Objectivism as a philosophical specialty or research area, with many literature and philosophy departments dismissing her as a pop culture phenomenon rather than a subject for serious study. Gladstein,,,,, Wallace Matson,,, and have taught her work in academic institutions. Sciabarra co-edits the, a nonpartisan dedicated to the study of Rand's philosophical and literary work.

In 1987 Gotthelf, George Walsh, and co-founded the Ayn Rand Society, a group affiliated with the. In 2012, the launched an 'Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies' series based on the proceedings of the Society. Smith has written several academic books and papers on Rand's ideas, including Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist, a volume on Rand's ethical theory published.

Rand's ideas have also been made subjects of study at and universities. Scholars of English and American literature have largely ignored her work, although attention to her literary work has increased since the 1990s. Rand scholars Douglas Den Uyl and, while stressing the importance and originality of her thought, describe her style as 'literary, hyperbolic and emotional'.

Philosopher Jack Wheeler says that despite 'the incessant bombast and continuous venting of Randian rage', Rand's ethics are 'a most immense achievement, the study of which is vastly more fruitful than any other in contemporary thought'. In the entry for Rand written in 2001, declared that 'Rand wrote the most intellectually challenging fiction of her generation'. In a 1999 interview in the, Sciabarra commented, 'I know they laugh at Rand', while forecasting a growth of interest in her work in the academic community. Libertarian philosopher argues that very few people find Rand's ideas convincing, especially her ethics, which he believes are difficult to interpret and may lack logical coherence. He attributes the attention she receives to her being a 'compelling writer', especially as a novelist. Thus, Atlas Shrugged outsells Rand's non-fiction works, as well as the works of other philosophers of such as,,.

Political scientist, while praising Rand's literary accomplishments, criticizes her claim that her only 'philosophical debt' was to Aristotle, instead asserting that her ideas were derivative of previous thinkers such as and. Although Rand maintained that Objectivism was an integrated philosophical system, philosopher Robert H. Bass argues that her central ethical ideas are inconsistent and contradictory to her central political ideas. Objectivist movement [ ]. Main article: In 1985, Rand's intellectual heir Leonard Peikoff established the, a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting Rand's ideas and works. In 1990, after an ideological disagreement with Peikoff, philosopher founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies, now known as. In 2001, historian John McCaskey organized the Anthem Foundation for Objectivist Scholarship, which provides grants for scholarly work on Objectivism in academia.

The charitable foundation of has also given grants for teaching Rand's ideas or works. The, the, and are among the schools that have received grants. In some cases, these grants have been controversial due to their requiring research or teaching related to Rand. Selected works [ ].

• Badhwar, Neera; (June 8, 2010)., ed... Retrieved June 16, 2010. • Baker, James T. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers... On Classical Liberalism and Libertarianism. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company... Overlook Illustrated Lives series.

New York: Overlook Duckworth... • Burns, Jennifer (November 2004). 'Godless Capitalism: Ayn Rand and the Conservative Movement'. Modern Intellectual History.

1 (3): 359–385.. • Burns, Jennifer (2009).. New York: Oxford University Press... • Cohen, David (December 7, 2001)...

Retrieved April 15, 2011. • Den Uyl, Douglas & Rasmussen, Douglas (April 1978).

'Nozick On the Randian Argument'.. (1986) [1984]. The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand (paperback ed.). Chicago: University of Illinois Press... New York: Public Affairs... • Doherty, Brian (December 2009)...

Vol. 41 no. 7. From the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2011.

The New Ayn Rand Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press... • Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (2000).

Atlas Shrugged: Manifesto of the Mind. Twayne's Masterwork Studies series. New York: Twayne Publishers... • Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (Spring 2003). 4 (2): 373–394.. Archived from (PDF) on May 14, 2011.

Retrieved April 20, 2011. • Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (2009). Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers series. New York: Continuum... Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand. Re-reading the Canon series.

University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press... Wadsworth Philosophers Series. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing... • Heller, Anne C. New York: Doubleday...

• Kakutani, Michiko (August 10, 2015).. The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2015. 'Rand, Ayn (1905–82)'.

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Essays on Ayn Rand's We the Living. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books... • Mayhew, Robert, ed. Essays on Ayn Rand's Anthem.

Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books... • Mayhew, Robert (2005b). Ayn Rand and Song of Russia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press... • Mayhew, Robert, ed.

Essays on Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books... • Mayhew, Robert, ed. Essays on Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books... • McConnell, Scott (2010). 100 Voices: An Oral History of Ayn Rand.

• Merrill, Ronald E. The Ideas of Ayn Rand. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court Publishing... • O'Neill, William F. (1977) [1971].

With Charity Toward None: An Analysis of Ayn Rand's Philosophy. New York: Littlefield, Adams & Company... (The Companion Book). Layton, Utah: Gibbs Smith... • Podritske, Marlene &, eds.

Objectively Speaking: Ayn Rand Interviewed. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books... • (May 1996). Vol. 46 no. 5. Retrieved October 16, 2017.

• Rand, Ayn (1964).. New York: Penguin... • Rand, Ayn (September 1971). 'Brief Summary'.. Vol. 10 no. 9. • Rand, Ayn (1982). Peikoff, Leonard, ed.

(paperback ed.). New York: Signet.. • Rand, Ayn (1989). Peikoff, Leonard, ed.. New York: New American Library... • Rand, Ayn (1992) [1957]. (35th anniversary ed.).

New York: Dutton... • Rand, Ayn (1995). Berliner, Michael S, ed..

New York: Dutton... • Rand, Ayn (1997). Harriman, David, ed.. New York: Dutton...

• Rand, Ayn (2005). Mayhew, Robert, ed. Ayn Rand Answers, the Best of Her Q&A. New York: New American Library... • Salmieri, Gregory & (2005).

'Rand, Ayn (1905–82)'. In Shook, John R.

The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. London: Thoemmes Continuum. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press... • Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (Fall 1998).

Reason Papers. (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2011.

• Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (Fall 1999). 1 (1): 1–26.. Archived from (PDF) on May 14, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2011. • Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (Fall 2004).

6 (1): 1–20.. (PDF) from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved April 15, 2011. • Seddon, Fred (2003). Ayn Rand, Objectivists, and the History of Philosophy. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. • Walsh, George V.

2 (1): 69–103.. Archived from (PDF) on May 14, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2011. Ayn Rand Nation: The Hidden Struggle for America's Soul. • Wozniak, Maurice D., ed.

Krause-Minkus Standard Catalog of U.S. Stamps (5th ed.)....

• Younkins, Edward W., ed. Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged: A Philosophical and Literary Companion.

Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing... External links [ ].