[Excerpted from my book ‘ ’] Remote sensing has a very long history dating back to the end of the 19th century when cameras were first made airborne using balloons and kites. The advent of aircraft further enhanced the opportunities to take photographs from the air. Then satellite mounted sensors had been developed to operate it from the space. Whatever the developments we see in the field of remote sensing were primarily for the military (for the power and politics). It was completely driven by power and politics. Remote sensing had been nourished within the core of power and politics.

Initially it was not available to the civilian researchers. Most of the significant developments in remote sensing came just for World War-I and II. Although, many civilian remote sensing satellites have been launched since 1972 (starting from Landsat-I), still spy satellites, nano satellites, and high resolution sensors are being launched by the governments for power and politics.

Very high resolution images are still restricted to the civilians in many countries including United States. For example, GeoEye-1 captures imagery at a spatial resolution of 0.41 m; however, it is downsampled to 0.5 m for the civilians because the US government does not allow higher than 0.5 m resolution to the civilians. Arial photography is still performed only by the governments in many countries and photographs are restricted; for example, India.

In India (and many other countries), an individual researcher is not entitled to purchase even a low resolution satellite image. She/he needs to be associated with some institution and some sort of declaration is mandatory by the head of institution to obtain the imagery. That means, as an individual, one cannot perform the research with their own fund.

This type of restrictions is everywhere and was always there. On December 3, 1986, the United Nations had faced the difficulty to pass “Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space”.

The United States’ position had been that collection and distribution of civilian remote sensing imagery should be unrestricted. The Soviet Union’s position was to ensure that acquisition and distribution of imagery should only be allowed with consent of the state that is overflown. It was the case for the outer space; if it comes within the air? Aerial remote sensing, till date, cannot be performed beyond the political boundary.

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Matthew (1983) is an essentially referred text in this context. Whether these political restrictions are good or bad is not the issue of this discussion. The issue is, rather, these political restrictions have created a knowledge gap in civilian remote sensing research and applications. Why are these restrictions imposed? India restricts its residents (individuals) to the access of very high resolution images; whereas Pakistani (or any other) military can purchase one such image covering India from a commercial vendor (from other country) without having any problem. Does it make any sense? Does it suggest rethinking on the data policy?

Whatever the answer may be, politics does not want to make everything free, especially the remote sensing data of having high value and importance. It can be seen as an internal conflict. A good example of this internal conflict is the politics of remote sensing capabilities.

No country wants to be left behind, but on the other hand, why should countries expend scarce resources acquiring the launch vehicles, satellites, and infrastructure needed to support a remote sensing program when much of the end product (images, etc.) can be purchased at a modest cost from commercial vendors. Remote sensing technology provides countries with the ability to evaluate others’ capabilities to a degree that is totally unprecedented in the history of relations between countries.

The countries that employ this technology can assess others’ military and—to some degree—economic capabilities (refer Ammons 2010). It also has the effect of lessening the deception possible by a closed society in concealing its capabilities. This technology, in another way, could be said to have the potential to stabilize the international system. Now, the question is whether this technology actually makes a country more secure or if it increases the perception, both internally and externally, that it is more secure. Perhaps it is a little of both. Countries will always seek more information about their adversaries and any technology that will increase the quantity and quality of that information is valuable because of its real or perceived contribution to the country’s security. Most countries that own remote sensing technology profess to employ this technology for peaceful purposes.

It is difficult to argue that activities such as resource management and disaster management are anything other than positive pursuits. However, it would be a simplified thinking to assume that a country concerned about its security (all countries are concerned about security) would not employ every available means to protect itself (Ammons 2010). This is particularly true if these means are defensive rather than offensive and can be accomplished with some measure of privacy. However, we must assume all countries that own remote sensing technology gather imagery intelligence of other countries’ military capabilities. This information are collected mainly for three reasons—firstly, to monitor whether a country is violating any international agreement (defensive in nature); secondly, to prepare its own military capabilities to that standard (or higher) of other countries (defensive in nature); and thirdly, to use this information during a war or to attack a country (offensive in nature). The war among countries, perhaps, will not be stopped ever. Therefore, offensive use of remote sensing will also be continued for ever.

References Ammons, A.A. Competition Among States: Case Studies in the Political Role of Remote Sensing Capabilities.

PhD Dissertation, Catholic University of America, Washington. URL: Matthew, M.

The Technical, Legal and Political Implications of Remote Sensing Satellites. Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive), Paper 54.

[Excerpted from my book ‘ ’] A frequently raised question in remote sensing community is that whether remote sensing is science, or technology, or art. Many of the literature preferred to define remote sensing as “science and art of obtaining and interpreting information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis” (e.g., Jensen 2006; Bhatta 2011).

However, remote sensing is a perfect blend of science, technology, and art. Lillesand et al. (2007) stated “Remote sensing is the science, technology, and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon by analyzing data acquired by a device that is not in physical direct contact with the object, area or phenomenon under investigation”. Alavipanah et al. (2010) have shown a conceptual diagram of blending science, technology, and art as remote sensing.

Science is a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific methods, as well as the organized body of knowledge gained through such research. It is the understanding and continuous exploration of the natural world. Science is often driven by whim or curiosity without having any application goal. Science, as defined here, is sometimes termed pure science to differentiate it from applied science that is the application of scientific research to specific human needs. Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge.

This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena. 2nd Puc Textbooks Karnataka Pdf File. Technology is applying the outcome of scientific principles to innovate and improve the man-made things in the world. The output of Technology is a new or better process of doing. In human society, it is a consequence of science.

Art is the product or process of deliberately arranging items in a way that influences and affects one or more of the senses, emotions, and intellect. In simple words, art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination. If one can use different process to create a thing (output) using the same inputs it is called art.

Generally, in science or technology, we use a standard process to create a thing (output) using same inputs. Science becomes art when one crosses the boundaries of set rules or explicit instructions and run on instinct or intuition.

It is much more evident in areas of science that have not yet been fully discovered. Remote sensing is a tool or technique similar to mathematics. Using sophisticated sensors to measure the amount of electromagnetic energy exiting an object or geographic area from a distance, and then extracting valuable information from the data using mathematically and statistically based algorithms is a scientific and technologic activity. It functions in harmony with other spatial data collection techniques or tools of the mapping sciences, including cartography and GIS. The synergism of combining scientific knowledge with real-world analyst experience allows the interpreter to develop heuristic rules of thumb to extract valuable information from the imagery. It is a fact that some image analysts are much superior to others because they: (1) understand the scientific principles better, (2) are more widely travelled and have seen many landscape objects and geographic areas first hand, and (3) can synthesize scientific principles and real-world knowledge to reach logical and correct conclusions (Jensen 2006).

Program Do Lamania Hasla Na Facebooku Chomikuj Filmy here. Interpreting remotely sensed images is an open-ended task (Hoffman and Markman 2001). The perception of image in the part of the interpretation of remotely sensed images are the most outstanding and artistic parts of remote sensing. Human is created such that he is able to percept the realities of the entity.

In other words, human is equipped with intellect by which he can percept his surrounding world. Automatic image processing techniques (by using computers) remain inadequate for remote sensing data analysis (Friedl et al. The human must be in the ‘loop’; since the human, unlike the computer, can perceive and can form and reform concepts (Hoffman and Markman 2001).

Important to realize, human interpreter can derive very little information using a point-by-point approach. Many of original interpretations depended not only on the imagery itself but also on the skill and experience of interpreter (Campbell 1996). For the purpose of the perception of image in interpretation of remotely sensed images, the necessity of using artistic outcomes and in particular applied arts become more prominent. Having ability to make a visual inspection along with ‘visual knowledge’, beautiful selection and the efficiency of colours by considering the principles of compatibility and lack of compatibility of colour, increase of idea fertilization and ability to have a specific observance with the help of imagination and mental creativity and order are among the consequences which make possible utilization of this issue and having access to that will increase the ability to interpret (Alavipanah et al. Since the visual interpretation of remotely sensed images is mostly accompanied with individual judgment, a researcher should know how to employ the scientific and proper methods to reach the goal. In most of the cases, the conditions of the earth which appear in the image are complex. As a result, sometimes, knowledge and experience of an interpreter fails to make a link between the phenomena of the earth and the information content of an image.

Therefore, from the preceding discussion, it is evident that remote sensing is a blend of science, technology, and art. The important thing one should realize is that information extracted from remote sensing data may vary from analyst to analyst to some extents and achieving one hundred percent accuracy is never possible. References Alavipanah, S.K., Ghazanfari, K., and Khakbaz, B. Remote Sensing and Image Understanding as Reflected in Poetical Literature of Iran. Proceedings of Remote Sensing for Science, Education, and Natural and Cultural Heritage, 30th Symposium of European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories, 31th May — 3rd June, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, France. URL:, Accessed 29 July 2011. Remote Sensing and GIS (2nd Ed.).

New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Campbell, J.B. Introduction to remote sensing, New York: Guilford.

Hoffman; R.R., and Markman, A.B. (Eds.) (2001). Interpreting Remote Sensing Imagery: Human Factors. Boca Raton: CRC press. Hoffman; R.R., and Markman, A.B.

(Eds.) (2001). Interpreting Remote Sensing Imagery: Human Factors.

Boca Raton: CRC press. Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective (2nd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. I am going to publish my new book ' ' from Springer, Germany. This book introduces the overall concepts of research methods in Remote Sensing. It also addresses the entire research framework, ranging from ontology to documentation. As such, it covers the theory while providing a solid basis for engaging in concrete research activities.

It is not intended as a textbook on remote sensing; rather, it offers guidance to those conducting research by examining philosophical and other issues that are generally not covered by textbooks. Various stages of research are discussed in detail, including illustrative discussions and helpful references. The topics considered in this book cover a part of the research methodologies explored in Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programs.

The book’s physical format has been kept to a compact, handy minimum in order to maximize its accessibility and readability for a broad range of researchers in the field of remote sensing. In the early days of remote sensing, concerns of research were primarily ranged over contemporary physical and biological (biophysical) space and their arrangements as they could be documented. The methods that were used to explain, model, and predict different biophysical aspects became progressively more quantitative. Further, the new technologies and theoretical perspectives that emerged in the last few decades helped to redefine the objects of inquiry and extend the methods in use for collecting and analyzing remote sensing data and evaluating researches. Being a blend of science, art, and technology, and being multidisciplinary in nature, remote sensing generally associates complex non-linear research methods. Remote sensing has many different sensors and a wide variety of application areas.

As a result, the research methods in this emerging field became more complicated and diverse. With the advent of new generation sensors and computer-based techniques for image analysis, remote sensing imageries are now being used more and more in several new folds of scientific researches.

Because of its vastness, often, remote sensing becomes a distinct field of study rather than being utilized as a tool in a scientific field. As a result, new researchers in this field often get confused and overlook several issues important to be considered. This book is an introduction to research methods in remote sensing. A research method is a way of collecting and analyzing the data. This sounds very ‘nuts and bolts’, but there is no way to properly engage in research (or in methods) without also tackling some of the fundamental theoretical questions.

These questions are philosophical in nature, e.g., ontology, epistemology, paradigm, ethics, etc. This book is to furnish the overall concepts of research methods in Remote Sensing; starting from the theoretical ontology to the documentation of research. This book, therefore, covers the theory while providing a solid basis for engaging in concrete research activities. This book is not intended to become a textbook of remote sensing; rather, it has the intention to guide a researcher in conducting their research by documenting the issues that are generally not covered by a textbook. The book is comprised with eight chapters.

Chapter 1 is mainly aimed to document the definitions and overview. It begins with the definition and application areas of remote sensing of the earth’s surface, and proceeds towards the research types and research framework in the light of remote sensing. Chapter 2 is intended to discuss the entire research framework—ontology, epistemology, paradigm, methodology, methods, conclusions and recommendations. Chapter 3 is aimed to discuss the data and their collection/selection methods and related issues. First it discusses the factors influencing the selection of remote sensing data for different types of applications; and then it addresses the ground truth and other ancillary data. Chapter 4 emphasizes the general discussion of remote sensing data analysis.

This chapter is based on concepts rather than tools and techniques; constraints and freedoms are also addressed in context. Chapter 5 deals with the research design and its parts— sampling design, observational design, analytical design, and operational design. Chapter 6 helps to understand the nature of power and politics and the critical role of ethics in scientific research, especially remote sensing research. Chapter 7 is aimed to discuss the methods and issues involved in documenting a research outcome. It is a guide on how to write a research paper, dissertation, and thesis. I recommend this book for every researcher in the remote sensing community. My new book has been published from Springer, Germany.

The title the book is ' '. This book documents research conducted on the analysis of urban growth and sprawl by using remote sensing data and GIS techniques. The research was conducted between 1980-2010 in the city of Kolkata, India. The aim of the research was to use metrics that were less demanding in terms of data and computation than normal metrics. However, it has been found that most of them were inferior in capturing insights of urban sprawl. For this book, some of these metrics have therefore been modified and new ones are proposed.

The research focuses on problems associated with the analysis of urban growth by using remote sensing data from a technological perspective.

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